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Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Introduction -- Out of Many, One -- Justice and Chance -- The Character of Probability -- The Context of This Work -- The Approach of the Project -- Overview of the Argument -- A Qualified Defense -- One. The Origins of Risk and the Growth of Insurance -- Insurance: A Brief Primer -- The Early History of Modern Insurance -- Pre-insurance Practices -- The Emergence of Premium Insurance -- The Theory and Practice of Early Marine Insurance -- Probability Theory and the Doctrine of Aleatory Contracts -- The Legal Background of Early Probability Theory -- Probabilistic Justice -- Equipossibility and the Distributive Turn -- Life Insurance and Probabilistic Justice -- Equity in Empirical Probability Theory -- The Birth of Statistical Life Insurance -- Mutualism with and without Risk -- Two. Probabilistic Justice and the Beginnings of Social Insurance -- Precursors to Social Insurance -- Social Insurance and the Liberal Idea -- Richard Price: Property and Political Arithmetic -- Friendly Society Reform: Social Insurance Writ Small -- The First Social Insurance Plans: Mutual Insurance Writ Large -- Early Proposals -- Condorcet: Probability and Perfectibility -- Thomas Paine: Welfare without Insurance -- Three. The Promise of Probability -- The Practical Aims of Late-Classical Probability -- Inverse Probability -- Epistemic Equiprobability -- Between Individual Choice and Social Responsibility -- A New Rationale and Its Challenges -- Mathematical and Moral Expectation -- A Social Duty to Insure? -- Social Insurance in Theory and in Practice -- Mutualism with and without Risk, Revisited -- Causal Laws and Rational Planners -- A Social Insurance Moment -- Four. The Collectivization of Risk and the Early Welfare States -- The Rise of the Collective View of Chance -- A New Interpretation of Probability.

This article seeks to make two contributions to the understanding of social insurance, a central policy tool of the modern welfare state. Focusing on Britain, it locates an important strand of theoretical support for early social insurance programs in antecedent developments in mathematical probability and statistics. While by no means the only source of support for social insurance, it argues that these philosophical developments were among the preconditions for the emergence of welfare policies. In addition, understanding the influence of these developments on British public discourse and policy sheds light on the normative principles that have undergirded the welfare state since its inception. Specifically, it suggests that the best model, or normative reconstruction, of social insurance in this context is a value-pluralist one, which pursues efficiency and equality or solidarity, grounded in group-based perceptions of risk.

AbstractThe postwar welfare state provides social insurance against economic, health, and related risks in an uncertain world. Because everyone can envision themselves to be among the unfortunate, social insurance fuses self-interest and solidarism in a normative principle Friedman (2020) calls probabilistic justice. But there is a competing principle of status defense, where the aim is to erect boundaries between socioeconomic strata and discourage cross-class mobility. We argue that this principle dominates when inequality is high and uncertainty low. The current moment is one of high inequality and high uncertainty, which results in intense status anxiety, yet does not rule out solidaristic solutions. Our contributions are to diagnose the causes of our current malaise, and to theorize the normative bases for the political choice facing contemporary western democracies.

Women keep gaining ground in the world of American politics. There are more women senators, representatives, Supreme Court justices, secretaries of state and governors than ever. Still, America has never had a female president or even vice president. By examining the communication skills of women who have run for president we can begin to assess how a woman creates ethos for the presidency. This study focuses on an understudied genre of campaign speaking; a comparison of two high profile female candidates' announcement speeches from both respective political parties. How a woman reveals that she is a candidate for president is key to her success. The presidential announcements of Elizabeth Dole and Hillary Clinton are examined to consider what introductory communication traits may best serve the next woman who attempts to break the largest and seemingly toughest glass ceiling: the United States presidency

Women keep gaining ground in the world of American politics. There are more women senators, representatives, Supreme Court justices, secretaries of state and governors than ever. Still, America has never had a female president or even vice president. By examining the communication skills of women who have run for president we can begin to assess how a woman creates ethos for the presidency. This study focuses on an understudied genre of campaign speaking; a comparison of two high profile female candidates' announcement speeches from both respective political parties. How a woman reveals that she is a candidate for president is key to her success. The presidential announcements of Elizabeth Dole and Hillary Clinton are examined to consider what introductory communication traits may best serve the next woman who attempts to break the largest and seemingly toughest glass ceiling: the United States presidency

Abstract Background For agricultural systems to achieve climate-smart objectives, including improved food security and rural livelihoods as well as climate change adaptation and mitigation, they often need to be take a landscape approach; they must become 'climate-smart landscapes'. Climate-smart landscapes operate on the principles of integrated landscape management, while explicitly incorporating adaptation and mitigation into their management objectives. Results An assessment of climate change dynamics related to agriculture suggests that three key features characterize a climate-smart landscape: climate-smart practices at the field and farm scale; diversity of land use across the landscape to provide resilience; and management of land use interactions at landscape scale to achieve social, economic and ecological impacts. To implement climate-smart agricultural landscapes with these features (that is, to successfully promote and sustain them over time, in the context of dynamic economic, social, ecological and climate conditions) requires several institutional mechanisms: multi-stakeholder planning, supportive landscape governance and resource tenure, spatially-targeted investment in the landscape that supports climate-smart objectives, and tracking change to determine if social and climate goals are being met at different scales. Examples of climate-smart landscape initiatives in Madagascar's Highlands, the African Sahel and Australian Wet Tropics illustrate the application of these elements in contrasting contexts. Conclusions To achieve climate-smart landscape initiatives widely and at scale will require strengthened technical capacities, institutions and political support for multi-stakeholder planning, governance, spatial targeting of investments and multi-objective impact monitoring.

Introduction /Rachel Friedman, Mike Perez, and John C. Lamothe --TransForming society? : examining the pros and cons of the trans celebrity spokesperson /J. Michael Ryan --Popular vs. personal : transgender narratives in public media culture /G. M. Mozer --Schrödinger's dick : the transgender reveal trope in Boy meets girl /Finn Lefevre --The trans baby boom : framing male pregnancy on television /Traci Abbott --Where's the "T"? : RuPaul's drag race and transgender in/exclusion /Peter Piatkowski --How to define fair? : examining transgender on the "level playing field" /John C. Lamothe --Gender identity in transgender comics /Jacob Muriel --Transgender talk and conservative Christians : framing a persuasive conversation /Jim Shoopman --Transgender and transracial identity : a cultural examination of "passing" /Rachel Friedman and Ashley B. Maxwell --Transition to Neverland : exploring trans boyhood through J.M. Barrie's Peter Pan /Billy Huff --Hijras and the Indian caste system /Lucky Issar --A nonbinary letter : from Camp Epicene /Mike Perez.

"Little scholarly attention has been paid to the dialogue of conservative women. The authors focus on this group and their approach to political speech. The narratives and policy positions of Condoleezza Rice, Nikki Haley, Teri Lynn Land, Susana Martinez, Joni Ernst and others are examined for ways they frame their political images as women in the GOP"--